Akhris hanuunsan
Nuugayaasha ultraviolet waxay si xoog leh u nuugi karaan fallaadhaha ultraviolet ee sare -tamarta ultraviolet rays, iyo qaabka beddelka tamarta, tamarta la nuugo waa la sii daayaa oo loo isticmaalaa sidii tamar kulayl ama aan waxyeello lahayn {{1} shucaaca tamarta hoose, si looga fogaado dhaawaca maqaarka iyo ka hortagga polymer Nuugista tamarta ultraviolet natiijada excitation iyo photophysical iyo photochemical.
1.Mabda'a UV absorber:
Nuugista tamarta iftiinka iyo habka beddelka ee nuujiyayaasha UV way ku kala duwan yihiin nooca, waxaana lagu sharraxay sida soo socota;
l Benzophenones
Nuugeyaasha Benzophenone UV ayaa ah nooca ugu badan ee la isticmaalo ee nuugayaasha UV. Nuugista UV ee noocaan ah waxay leedahay saameyn nuugista tartiib tartiib ah uV-A, uV-B, iyo uV-C. Kooxda ketone iyo kooxda hydroxyl ee molecule waxay dhalin karaan dammaanad hydrogen gudaha ah si ay u sameeyaan giraanta chelating Ka dib marka ay nuugo tamarta iftiinka ultraviolet, gariirka kulaylka ee molecule ayaa dhacaya, isku-xidhka hydrogen gudaha waa la jabay, giraanta chelate waa la furay. Tamarta iftiinka ultraviolet waxa loo beddelaa tamar kulayl oo la sii daayo. Intaa waxaa dheer, kooxda carbonyl ee molecule waxaa nuugi doona tamarta iftiinka ultraviolet. Ku faraxsan, taasoo keentay tautomerism. Samee qaab dhismeedka enol Tani waxay sidoo kale isticmaashaa qayb ka mid ah tamarta. Noocan ah nuugista UV, xoogga curaarta hydrogen ee molecule waxay la xiriirtaa saameynteeda sawir-qaadista. Marka ay sii xoogaysato isku-xidhka ogsijiinta, way sii badanaysaa tamarta loo baahan yahay si loo burburiyo, iyo inta badan ee tamarta UV ee la nuugo oo la isticmaalo, ayaa si fiican u saameynaysa; haddii kale Isla waa run. Saamaynta xasilinta waxay sidoo kale la xiriirtaa dhererka silsiladda alkoxy ee giraanta benzene. Haddii dhererku dheer yahay, ku habboonaanta polymer-ka ayaa wanaagsan. Saamaynta xasilinta waa sax. Qalabka benzophenone UV, waa inay ku jiraan koox hydroxyl ah oo ku taal booska ortho ee kooxda carbonyl, haddii kale ma samayn karto dammaanad hydrogen gudaha ah, loomana isticmaali karo sida nuugista UV oo leh koox ortho hydroxyl ah. Waxay nuugi kartaa 290 ~ 380 ~ m shucaaca ultraviolet, ku dhawaad ma nuugid iftiin la arki karo, midab lahayn, iyo waafaqsanaanta wanaagsan ee polymers molecular sare. Haddii ay jiraan laba kooxood oo hydroxyl ah oo ku yaal booska ortho ee kooxda karbonyl, waxay nuugi kartaa fallaadhaha ultraviolet ee 300{27}}400fzm, iyo sidoo kale qayb ka mid ah iftiinka muuqda. Nuugista iftiinka muuqda awgeed, iftiinka kaabaya waa mid aan dheellitirnayn. Maqaallada lagu daray nuugista ultraviolet-ka waxay u muuqdaan jaale. Waafaqsanaanta polymers-ka molecular sidoo kale waa liidataa. Sidaa darteed, isticmaalkeedu waa yar yahay. In kasta oo benzophenone aan lahayn o{29}}Hydroksyl sidoo kale awood u leeyahay inuu nuugo fallaadhaha ultraviolet. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay keeni doontaa is-burbur ka dib marka la soo bandhigo iftiinka, sidaas darteed kuma habboona in loo isticmaalo sida ultraviolet nuugista.
l Salicylates
Nuugayaasha Salicylate UV waa nooca ugu horreeya ee nuugayaasha UV, salicylates waxay sidoo kale leeyihiin curaarta hydrogen gudaha ee molecule-ka. Awoodda noocan ah ee nuugista ultraviolet si ay u nuugaan fallaadhaha ultraviolet waa mid aad u hooseeya bilowga, iyo kala duwanaanta nuugista waa mid aad u yar (in ka yar 340vm), laakiin ka dib muddo cayiman oo ah ultraviolet irradiation, nuugista si tartiib tartiib ah u korodho ilaa nuugista ugu badan, taas oo ay sabab u tahay dib-u-qaabaynta unugyada Molecular ee hoos yimaada qaabdhismeedka ultraviolet ee ultraviolet. nuugista, taas oo xoojinaysa nuugista ultraviolet. Sidaa darteed, dadku waxay ugu yeeraan nuugista UV-ga hormoodka ah. Bishydroxybenzophenone iyo waxyaabaha ka soo baxa ee la soo saaro ka dib dib-u-habaynta molecular waxay nuugi kartaa qayb ka mid ah iftiinka muuqda waxayna u muuqan karaan jaalle, taasoo keentay in walaxda lagu daro ultraviolet nuugista.
l Benzotriazoles
Habka ficilka benzotriazole UV nuugista waxay la mid tahay kuwa benzophenones. Benzotriazoles waxay leeyihiin noocyo kala duwan oo nuugista ultraviolet, waxayna nuugi karaan iftiinka mawjada dhererkeedu yahay 300-400-m. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si dhib leh u nuugtaa iftiinka muuqda ee ka sarreeya 400 ~ m, sidaas darteed badeecada lama daadiyo.
l Noocyada kale ee nuugayaasha UV
Intaa waxaa dheer, acrylonitrile-ka la beddelay, nuugista triazine ultraviolet, habkeeda ficilku waa inuu ahaadaa mid waafaqsan cis - trans isomerization, si beddelka tamarta iftiinka ama loo sii daayo tamar aan waxyeello lahayn. Akrilonitrile beddelka ultraviolet nuuga waxay nuugi kartaa iftiinka ultraviolet ee 290-320Fm, ma nuugin iftiinka muuqda, mana sababi doono shayga la dabaqay inuu daad qaado. Nuugeeyaha Sanhao UV wuxuu nuugi karaa 300 ~ 400 ~ m ee iftiinka UV. Nuugayaasha UV waxay nuugi karaan hiddo-wadaha auxochromic (sida -NH, -OH, -SOH, -cOOH, iwm.) iyo koromophore (sida C: N, N: N, N: O, C) oo leh mawjada ka hooseysa 400~m :O iwm.). Dhammaantood waxay ku xidhan yihiin xudunta udugga. Organonickel sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida nuugista UV, laakiin guud ahaan waxaa loo kala saaraa sida dab-demiyayaal (sidoo kale loo yaqaan deactivator ama wakiilka matting, ama laser state quencher, tamarta tamarta), iyo awoodda ay u leedahay in ay nuugaan fallaadhaha ultraviolet waa ka sarreeyaa isku xirnaanta waa hooseeya, laakiin waxay ka hortagi kartaa polymer-ka inuu sii daayo sababtoo ah nuugista shucaaca ultraviolet.
Iskudhisyada nikkel-ka organic waxay la falgalaan molecules kuwaas oo ku faraxsan xaalada xamaasadda leh ee polymer ee habka shucaaca iftiinka ultraviolet, si ay xaaladda xamaasadu ugu soo noqoto gobolka dhulka, tamarta ultravioletna waxaa loo beddelaa mid hooseeya - qiiqa tamarta tamarta iyada oo aan la burburin. , si looga ilaaliyo polymer-ka in uu dhaawacmo. Sidaa darteed, waxaa loogu yeeraa quencher sababtoo ah habka ficilku wuu ka duwan yahay kuwa nuugayaasha ultraviolet guud. Nuugeeyaha ultraviolet wuxuu beddelaa qaab-dhismeedka molecule laftiisa, halka damiyuhu uu tamar ku kala diro iyada oo loo marayo wareejinta tamarta ee u dhaxaysa molecules.
Intaa waxaa dheer, wakiilada iftiinka iftiinka sida kaarboon madow, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zinc barium, iwm sidoo kale waa nooc ka mid ah walxaha nuugi kara ama ka tarjumaya fallaadhaha ultraviolet. Marka ay gaadho dusha sare ee polymer-ka, waa la nuugo oo la milicsadaa, iyada oo ka hortagaysa fallaadhaha ultraviolet inay si qoto dheer u galaan polymer-ka. Kuwa ugu waxtarka badan waa kaarboon madow.
Xakamaynta xagjirka ah sidoo kale waa nooc ka mid ah walxaha soo saari kara xasilinta iftiinka. Waxay yihiin derivatives piperidine oo leh saameyn xannibaadyo adag, waxaana loo yaqaannaa xasiliyayaasha iftiinka amine-ka xanniban.
2. Kala soocida nuucyada UV:
l Benzophenones
Nuugayaasha Benzophenone UV waa dhammaan derivatives of o{0}hydroxybenzophenone, oo ay ku jiraan monohydroxyl, dihydroxyl, trihydroxyl, tetrahydroxyl derivatives, iwm. Nuugayaasha ultraviolet waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa polyetylen iyo polypropylene. , Polyvinyl chloride, ABS, polystyrene, polyamide iyo polymers kale oo sarreeya iyo dhamaystirka alaabta dunta, sida kuwa nuugayaasha UV waxay leeyihiin iswaafajin wanaagsan oo leh inta badan polymers sare. Iftiin wanaagsan iyo xasilloonida kulaylka. Kuma qudhmayo 200shahaadadaC, laakiin waxa uu leeyahay sublimation xooggan. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa rinjiga iyo balaastikada, iyo qadarka lagu daro waa 0.1 ilaa 0.5.
l Salicylates
Heerka nuugista UV ee salicylate UV nuugista way ka yar tahay kan benzophenones, qaybta nuugista ayaa ka sii yar (ka hooseeya 3409m), mana aha mid aad u deggan iftiinka UV laftiisa. Fargeetoyadu waxay nuugi karaan iftiinka muuqda waxayna ka dhigi karaan shayga la dabaqay Waa jaale, laakiin qiimihiisu waa raqiis. Waxay leedahay iswaafajin wanaagsan oo leh polymers sare, waxaana loo isticmaalaa polymers sare sida xadhig fiber, polyester, PVC, PE, polyvinylidene iyo polystyrene.
l Benzotriazoles
Waxqabadka benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers ayaa ka fiican kan benzophenones, kaas oo si xoog leh u nuugi kara iftiinka ultraviolet ee 310-385pm, oo si dhib leh u nuugo iftiinka muuqda. Xasiloonideedu sidoo kale waa wanaagsan tahay, laakiin qiimuhu waa qaali.
UV-P wuxuu nuugi karaa iftiinka ultraviolet leh dhererka hirarka 270{3}}380nm, si dhib leh ayuu u nuugi karaa iftiinka muuqda, oo wuxuu leeyahay midab bilowga hoose. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa chloride polyvinyl, polystyrene, polyester unsaturated, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyetylen, ABS iyo alaabada kale, gaar ahaan ku haboon alaabta aan midab lahayn, hufan iyo iftiinka. Laakin maaha saabuun, sababtoo ah waxay ku milantaa saabuunta alkaline, taasoo ka dhigaysa midabka fiber-ka jaalaha ah. UV-326 waxay si wax ku ool ah u nuugi kartaa iftiinka ultraviolet leh mawjadaha dhererka ee 270-380nm, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polyester aan saturated, polyamide, resin epoxy, ABS, polyurethane iyo alaabooyin kale. Si fiican ayay u xasilaysaa. Waa dareen la'aan ion birta, waxay leedahay isbeddel hoose, waxay leedahay saameyn antioxidant, wayna fududahay in la midabeeyo marxaladda hore. UV-327 waxay si xoog leh u nuugi kartaa iftiinka ultraviolet oo leh hirar dhererkiisu yahay 270-300nm, waxayna ku habboon tahay polyetylen, polypropylene, chloride polyvinyl, polymethyl methacrylate, polyoxymethylene polyurethane, ABS, resin epoxy, iwm. UV-54l1 waxay nuugtaa iftiinka ultraviolet ee kala duwan, ugu badnaan nuugista nuugista waa 345nm ethanol) si weyn ayaa loogu isticmaalaa polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyester unsaturated, PVC adag, polycarbonate, ABS, iwm . . Isbeddelkeedu waa yar yahay, mana aha hantida midabaynta bilowga ah.
l Triazines
Nuugayaasha Triazine UV waxay leeyihiin awood nuugista sare ee iftiinka UV inta u dhaxaysa 280-380nm. Marka la barbar dhigo xasiliyayaasha benzotriazole, awoodda nuugista waa nooc ka mid ah xasiliyeyaasha iftiinka nuugista oo hufan. Waa 2{10}hydroxyphenyltriazine derivative oo ka kooban kooxda hydroxyl ee booska ortho. Saamaynta nuugista ultraviolet ee xeryahooda waxay la xiriirtaa tirada kooxaha hydroxyl ee ku xiga. Inta badan tirada kooxaha hydroxyl ee ku xiga, ayaa sii xoogeysaneysa awoodda ay ku nuugaan iftiinka ultraviolet. Soo bandhigida beddelaadyo kala duwan waxay yarayn kartaa aasaaska giraanta triazine, laakiin waxay wanaajisaa xawaaraha iftiinka xarunta iyo la jaanqaadka xabagta{8} Khasaaraha ayaa ah ku habboonaanta liidata ee polymers-ka iyo sidoo kale midabaynta arjiga. Kala soocida o{12}hydroxyphenyldiphenyltriazine ee ay samaysay Ciba{13}Shirkada Geigy waa nuugo UV iskeed u kala firdhisa oo leh xawli sare oo wanaagsan iyo sifooyin kulaylka hagaajiya, kaas oo loo isticmaali karo midabaynta heerkul sare, midabaynta suufka iyo midabaynta. daabacaad
l Beddel acrylonitrile
Nuugista UV noocan oo kale ah waxay nuugi kartaa 310 ~ 320 ~ m iftiinka UV, laakiin heerka nuugista ayaa hooseeya. Waxay leedahay xasillooni kiimikaad oo wanaagsan iyo la jaanqaadka polymers sare. N -53 waxay si xoog leh u nuugtaa fallaadhaha ultraviolet leh dhererka hirarka 270 ilaa 350 nm. Waxay ku habboon tahay chloride polyvinyl, resin acetal, polyolefin, resin epoxy, polyamide, acrylic acid Resin, polyurethane, urea-formaldehyde resin iyo nitrocellulose, iwm. Gaar ahaan ku habboon alaabta chloride polyvinyl. Iska caabin alkali wanaagsan. Ku milmay toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, iwm, wax yar ku milma ethanol iyo methanol, oo aan lagu milmi karin biyaha. Qiyaasta guud ahaan waa 0.1% ilaa 0.5%. N-539 waa dareere huruud ah oo khafiif ah, oo ku milma dareeraha dabiiciga ah ee caadiga ah. Biyo la'aan, waxay siin kartaa alaabooyinka xasilloonida heerkulka sare ee heerkulka, waxayna leedahay iswaafajin wanaagsan oo leh resins. Midab malaha. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa agabyo synthetic oo kala duwan.
3. Isticmaalka xuubka UV ee dunta:
Xiiso badan ayaa ka jirtay UV{0}dharka u adkaysta sannadihii u dambeeyay. UV- kimonos-ka fiber adkaysiga u leh ayaa markii ugu horaysay lagu sameeyay Japan
Shiinaha, cilmi-baaris ayaa sidoo kale laga sameeyay si loo soo saaro ka-hortagga{0}dharka-ciyaaraha ultraviolet, sharabaadyada, koofiyadaha iyo dalladaha qorraxda. Goobta
Qalabka aasaasiga ah ee la isticmaalo waa kuwa kor ku xusan- nuujiyayaasha ultraviolet-ka, kuwa ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo waa benzophenones.
l Soo-saarista UV{0} fibre adkaysi u leh
Isticmaal qalabka wax nuugaya UV iyo walxaha gaashaanka (sida ZnO, TiO2, iwm.) si loogu qaso fiilooyinka si aad u samayso UV{2} Dharka tolmada leh ayaa ka wanaagsan boostada -qaabka dhamaystirka codsiga marka la eego qaabka iyo dhaqidda{5}} Fiberkan wuxuu hadh karaa 60% fallaadhaha ultraviolet ee iftiinka. Iftiinka qorraxda tooska ah hoostiisa, heerkulka dharka ayaa hoos loo dhigi karaa 4shahaadada, oo hadda waa laga ganacsan jiray.
l Ka dib marka la dhammeeyo habka si aad u mariso nuuga UV
Habka loo mariyo nuugayaasha UV ee dharka ama dharka ayaa ku kala duwan nooca nuuga UV. Mid ka mid ah waa in la marsado nuugayaasha ultraviolet kuwaas oo samayn kara bonds hydrogen la kooxaha hydroxyl ee cellulose, kooxaha amide ee polyamides, kooxaha amino on dhogorta iyo xariirta ee dheehidda ama jilcisa qubeyska iyo dheehdo fiilooyinka isku mar. Midabaynta, suufka dheeha ama habka daabacaadda ama codsiga dhamaystirka jilicsan. Ciba-Geigy iyo Clariant dhamaantood waxay soo saareen alaabadan oo kale. Haddii loo isticmaalo nuugeeyaha benzophenone UV, sida Uvinul DP-uV of BASF, waxa uu ka kooban yahay laba kooxood oo hydroxyl ah. Waxay samayn kartaa curaarta hydrogen oo leh cellulose, dhogorta, xariirta iyo fiilooyinka polyamide waxayna leedahay xiriir. Waxay midabayn kartaa fiilooyinka waxaana loo isticmaali karaa daawaynta midabaynta. Qiyaasta waa DP{9}}uV 10-20 (OWf). Ku daawee 80shahaadada30min Habka midabaynta suufka DP -uV 10O-Z00g/L sidoo kale waa la isticmaali karaa. Ku dar jilciye 30g/L, dheeh dheeh ah 60shahaadada, kuna qallaji 100shahaadada3daqiiqo Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa iyada oo lagu darayo wakiilka biyuhu. Waxaa laga dhigi karaa teendho ka-hortagga ultraviolet, oo leh wakiilka biyuhu 60g/L. DP uV 80-150g/L, kicine (sida MgCI 2·6H2O) 5g/L. Duubista, qalajinta iyo dubista (150shahaadadaC ilaa 2 daqiiqo). Habka codsigani wuxuu gaari karaa saamaynta caabbinta dhaqidda, iyo heerka gaashaanka ee fallaadhaha ultraviolet ee 280 ilaa 400vm waxay gaari kartaa in ka badan 85%.
l Habka loo sameeyo microcapsules ka dibna lagu dabaqo maro
Nuugista ultraviolet-ka waxa laga sameeyaa kaabsulaha microcapsules iyada oo loo marayo tignoolajiyada microcapsule, kaabsalkeedana waxa la door bidaa in laga sameeyo polymers molecular sare, sida styrene iyo acrylate, microcapsules-ka waxa lagu sameeyaa habka microcapsules halka polymerization. Nuugista UV waxa lagu duuduubay xudunta kaabsulka, ka dibna microcapsules-ku waxa lagu dhejiyaa marada iyada oo leh xabagyo iyo iskutallaabta{1} Wakiilada isku xidha, kuwaas oo laga samayn karo dunta heerka gaashaanka UV ee ka badan 85. Microcapsules-ku waxa ay si tartiib ah u sii dayn kartaa nuugista UV. Ujeedada ilaalinta UV ee waxtarka leh.
l Isticmaalka habka codsiga daahan
Nuugista ultraviolet ayaa lagu daraa wakiilka dahaarka. Dahaarka, qalajinta iyo dubista ayaa la sameeyaa, iyo walxaha kale ee dhamaystirka shaqada ayaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa dareeraha daboolka. Teendho iyo koofiyad lagu sameeyay habkan. Habka waa sahlan yahay, laakiin caabbinta cimilada iyo caabbinta dhaqidda ayaa weli la hagaajiyay.
